1.改变词类Conversion。英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。
Insulin　is　used　in　the　treatment　of　diabetes.
This　issue　is　of　paramount　importance.
Rationing　by　points　is　over　and　rationing　by　the　purse　is　in.
Oceanography　has　been　defined　as　″The　application　of　all　sciences　to　the　study　of　the　sea″.　1990.　1? (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

2.　选词用字Diction。
Before　Hugo　could　protest?　he　and　the　others　were　led　away.　(抗议-分辩)
Put　a　teaspoonful　of　tea　in　the　pot　and　then　you　just　add　the　boiling　water　to　it　and　let　it　stand.　(稍等片刻再喝)
It's　a　crime　you　didn't　finish　school.　(憾事)

3.词序调整Inversion。一个句子中词和分句的顺序，英汉两种语言往往不同。如表示时间和地点，英语常常是先小后大，而汉语是先大后小。
His　address　is　3612　Market　Street?　Philadelphia?　PA　19001?　USA.
Don't　hesitate　to　come　when　you　need　help.
black　and　white　TV?　iron　and　steel　company

4.省略Omission。
You　cannot　build　a　ship?　a　bridge　or　a　house　if　you　don't　know　how　to　make　a　design　or　how　to　read　it.
It　took　him　a　long　time　to　reach　the　bottom　and　to　couch　behind　a　little　dwarf　palm.　

5.增词Amplification。英语中没有量词，助词，翻译时应根据上下文的需要予以增加。有些英语的不及物动词必须增加宾语意思才完整。
I　could　knit　when　I　was　seven.
Without　a　sense　of　your　fault?　how　can　repentance　and　amendment　be　expected﹖　如果
Walking　past　the　Garden　of　Eden?　Adam's　son　asked　his　father?　″Who　owns　that　large　estate﹖″
″That's　where　your　mother　and　I　used　to　live?″　replied　Adam?　″before　she　ate　us　out　of　house　and　home.″

6.重复Repetition?。
Practically　every　river　has　an　upper?　a　middle　and　a　lower　part.　上游，中游，下游
If　an　atom　contains　three　protons?　it　must　have　three　electrons　to　be　electrically　neutral.

7.正译反译法Negation?
The　Organization　has　not?　so　far?　justified　the　hopes　which　the　people　set　on　it.　(辜负)
Suddenly　he　heard　a　sound　behind　him?　and　realized　he　was　not　alone　in　the　garage.　(还有别人)
If　a　patient　at　Beth　Israel　is　not　responding　to　treatment?　it　is　not　uncommon　for　his　nurse　to　propose　another　approach　to　his　doctor.　1993.　1?

8.分译法Division?。英语长句多，为了符合汉语表达习惯，可将英语长句拆成短句。
It　was　a　real　challenge　that　those　who　had　learned　from　us　now　excelled　us.　
It　has　been　rightly　stated　that　this　situation　is　a　threat　to　international　security.
Because　they　tremble　at　the　thought　of　being　seen　in　public　in　clothes　that　are　out　of　fashion?　they　are　always　taken　advantage　of　by　the　designers　and　the　big　stores.　1993.　6?

9.常见短语和重要句型的翻译
1)It　goes　without　saying　that…不言而喻的是……
2)It　is　common　knowledge　that…众所周知的是……
3)It　occurs　to　me　that…我突然想起
4)It　is　not　that...but　that…并不是说……而是说
5?　某些含蓄否定的翻译　
Plants　which　refine　crude　ores　are　often　located　in　countries　other　than　those　in　which　the　crude　ores　are　mined.　　提炼矿石的工厂通常不是设在开采矿石的国家，而是设在其它国家。
6)more...than...与其说……不如说……
She　is　more　like　his　mother　than　like　his　teacher.
7)no　more...than...和……一样都不
There　is　no　reason　they　should　limit　how　much　vitamin　you　take?　any　more　than　they　can　limit　how　much　water　you　drink.　他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。
8)not...all...?　all　is...not...并不是……都……
All　that　glitters　is　not　gold.
Both　of　the　books　are　not　helpful.　
Everyone　doesn't　want　to　go　to　the　concert.
9)cannot...too...无论……也不过分
We　can't　praise　him　too　much.
10)much　less?　still　less?　to　say　nothing　of?　not　to　mention?　let　alone更不用说
He　knows　little　of　mathematics?　and　still　less　of　chemistry.
In　old　China?　there　was　hardly　any　machine-building　industry?　to　say　nothing　of　an　electronic　industry.
All　they　have　to　do　is　to　press　a　button?　and　they　can　see　plays?　films?　operas　and　shows　of　every　kind?　not　to　mention　political　discussions　and　the　latest　exciting　football　match.
11)so...that...如此……以至于
And　home　appliances　will　also　become　so　smart　that　controlling　and　operating　them　will　result　in　the　breakout　of　a　new　psychological　disorder-kitchen　rage.　　
12?　not　so　much...as...与其说……不如说……