TEXT D

　　Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence. " This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or ac ross a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal mig ration within nations, although such movements often exceed international moveme nts in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very si milar to those of international migrants.? (来源：英语杂志 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are ass ociated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matt er as difficulty in finding a suitable job. or as traumatic as war, or severe fa mine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads  are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influen ce their choice of destination).?

　　Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often thes e are economic，such as better job opportunities or the availability of good lan d to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the Unit ed States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparen tly better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential de stinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as th e presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already establis hed in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerat ions of this sort cad to the development of migration flow.?

　　Besides push and pull actors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles" Even if push and(or) pull factors are very strong they still may be ou tweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble  and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem s likely to be encountered on arrival.? The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential m igrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on differen t people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just  because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing u p everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear  interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to lear n a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.? Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes confl ict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment p roblems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete w ith them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.?

　　78.    The author thinks that pull factors___.?

　　A.    are all related to economic considerations?

　　B.    are not as decisive as push factors?

　　C.    include a range of considerations?

　　D.    are more important than push factors ?

　　79.    People's decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the follow ing EXC EPT___.?

　　A.    personalities.                        B. education.? C.    marital status.                        D. abilities. ?

　　80.    The purpose of the passage is to discuss___.?

　　A.    the problems of international migrants?

　　B.    the motives of international migrants?

　　C.    migration inside the country?

　　D. migration between countries