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IV．引用法
文章开头通过引用名人名言，箴言谚语，或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开
讨论的一种观点。下面便是一些常见句型。
32 One of the great early men
writers
philosophers
scientists said
wrote
remarked that.... If this is true,
the case,
32 then the present
current view
values
attitude
situation should make us wonder whether
ponder over
32.1 One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a
society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that
society. If it is true, then the present low status of women in management
should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.
以前有一位著名的社会学家曾说过，妇女在一个社会中的地位是这个社会文明程度
的一个非常可靠的标志。如果是这样的话，那么目前妇女在管理方面较低的地位应使我
们想一想，我们现在的管理是否文明。
32.2 One of the great early writers once said that human character is
formed by society. If this is the case, aren't the current pervasive
corruption, the popular obsession with money-making and general indifference
to human sufferings and social injustices a perfect manifestation of a bad
social environment?
曾有一位伟大的作家说过：人的性格是由社会塑成的。倘若真是如此，那难道当今
的腐败风气，一心扑到钱眼里而对人的疾苦和社会不正之风麻木不仁等现象，不正是社
会环境不良的真实写照吗？
32.3 A gifted American psychologist has said: "Worry is a spasm of the
emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." In
other words, it is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The
stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate
something else into its convulsive grasp. if it is true, the cultivation of (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)
a hobby and new forms of interest is a policy of first importance to a
modern man who easily gets anxious and depressed.
一位极富天资的美国心理学家说过：“忧虑是感情的一阵发作。心中老是想着某一
事，死死放不开。”也就是说，在这种情况下，与之抗争是无用的。意志越强，愈是徒
劳无效。你只能耐心地用暗示的方法使其他事进入这固执的头脑中去。如果这样分析是
对的，那么对于一个极易焦虑沮丧的现代人来说，培养业余爱好和新的兴趣是头等重要
的明智之举。
33 "Knowledge is power"
"Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom"
"Familiar notions are often those least examined"
"Mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust"
"Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 Percent perspiration" Such is the
opinion of
remark made by
33 Bacon.
Edison.
one of the great men. This view
remark has been shared
confirmed now
time and again by more and more people.
many historical events.
33.1 "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to
make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a
profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are
not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
伟大的作家科尔顿曾经说过：“一个伟大的人物不仅必须随时抓住机会，而且必须
随时创造机会。”他的这个精辟的论断至今仍有深远的意义。一个人一生中机会并不很
多，因此，创造机会对他的成功来说便尤为重要。
33.2 Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of
Mortimer J. Adler, a great American philosopher. Now more and more people
share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the
time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education
with high school education or college education. Education is a lifetime
study.
教育不能随着毕业而告结束。这是美国大哲学家摩提默叫·阿德勒的观点。这个观
点已为越来越多的人所接受。没有一所大学能
在学生毕业时把所有知识都教授给他们了，没有人应该满足于他自己的高中教育或大学
教育。教育是一种终生的学习。
34 "...." That's how one college student
official
housewife
father described
commented
complained
criticized ...
34 He / She is hardly alone in the experience
Many people have shared the experience like this
34.1 "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college
graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone
in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who
complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a
rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed
into useful job skills.
“我在大学器学的都是废物。”这是一位大学毕业生在说起自己在寻找工作中不断
受挫时所发的怨言。他的经历不只是个别的，有无数大学毕业生抱怨他们拿到的学位在
找一份适宜的工作时起不了什么作用，学校里学到的知识不能转变为有用的工作技能。
34.2 "It's like being bitten to death by ducks." That's how one mother
described her constant squabbles with her fourteen-year-old daughter. And
she is hardly alone in the experience. According to a poll, the relations
between parents and teenagers are frequently marked by squabbling, naming
and arguing despite considerable love between them. What causes this verbal
behavior, and which party is at fault: the adolescent or the adult?
“就像一只鸭子似的把我吵死了！”这是一位母亲在形容她和自己14岁的女儿时常
争吵时说的话。这种情况不止她遇到。根据一项民意调查，尽管父母亲和他们的未成年
的孩子都互相非常爱对方，但在日常生活中他们却经常吵嘴，责骂不休。怎么会造成这
些相互间的争执？谁对，谁错，是大人抑或未成年的孩子？
35 "...." The same idea
complaint
attitude is voiced
echoed
shared by....
35.1 "Spendable money is better off spent. The cast of living is going up
so fast, it is better to spend money now on things we would normally put off
buying. "That's how my neighbor, a steel worker complained of soaring
inflation. His view is now echoed by more and more working people who buy
more things that they don't really need than put money into savings accounts
that pay interests far below the pace of inflation.
“能用的钱最好还是用光。现在生活费上涨很快，与其是推迟买的，不如现在就买
下来。”这是我的一个在钢铁厂工作的邻居在抱怨物价飞涨时说的。他的观点已得到越
来越多的工人的赞同。人们争相买东西，甚至买些并不十分需要的东西，而并不把钱存
入银行。这是因为存银行所得的利息远远不及通货膨胀的速度。
35.2 "Lei Feng died already," said by sane people whenever they deplored
the fact that nowadays no one in the street will come to a person's
assistance when he is in trouble or in danger. The same view is voiced by
many people who complain about the decline in the moral standards in recent
years and hope the spirit of Lei Feng (1939---1962), a model soldier who
devoted his short life to the public good will stay with us.
“雷锋早已死了。”每当有些人看到现在一个人在街上遇险或碰到困难而无人相助
时，不禁发出的如此感叹。许多人都持这种观点，他们抱怨近几年道德水平日趋下降，
他们希望雷锋（1939－1962）——这个把自己短暂的一生都用来为人民服务的模范战士
的精神还活在人们中间。
36 "...." How often we hear
We are used to hearing
Many people have heard (such) statement
words
complaint like
as this
those.
36.1 "Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these
days we hear the statement like this. Twenty or thirty years ago it was
believed that a women must either many young or risk becoming a spinster.
And a woman who did not marry was thought to be inferior and abnormal.
However, today's woman has numerous options open to her besides early
marriage. Most important, a single woamn is no longer looked down upon by
society.
“社会对妇女的态度有了很大的变化。”最近我们常常听到这样的说法。二三十年
前，人们普遍认为一个女人要么早早结婚，要么很可能成为一个老处女。而一个不结婚
的女人会被视为不正常或低人一等。然而今天的妇女除了趁年轻结婚外还有许多出路。
最重要的是一个单身女子再也不会受社会歧视。
36.2 In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints
as this "I've got too much work to do and not enough time to rest" or "the
work is too demanding and too exhausting, I wish the others would do it".
Don't be misled by the complaint; and don't be deceived into thinking that
people like to store up energy. Complaining is just part of working, and it
is a manifestation of the pride they take in their unique capacity to
conquer the tough job.
现在我们常常听到那些老一套的怨言：“我要做的事太多了，简直没有时间去休
息”，“这工作太难了，太累了，真想让别人去干。”不要被这些怨言所迷惑，不要误
认为人们不愿化力气。发牢骚正是工作的一部分，它反映了人们对自己处理棘手工作的
出众能力的自豪感。
V．比较法
比较法句型主要用于通过对过去与现在两种不同倾向、态度和观点的比较，引出文
章要讨论的主题。
37 For years
Until recently ... had been
was seen
viewed
regarded as.... But that is changing now.
people are taking a fresh look at it.
37 With the growing
mounting demand for
interest in
concern over ... people....
37.1 For years, offsprings, especially sons had been expected to remain
at home permanently, bringing their spouses home to the big, extended family
when they got married. But that's changing now. With growing demand for
independence and the improved living standard, more and more young people
seek to leave the parental family to establish their own households.
多少年来，子女，尤其是儿子一直被希冀永远待在家里。当他们结婚后，应把配偶
带回家来，组成大家庭。但现在这已起了变化。由于生活水平的提高和对独立生活的要
求，越来越多的青年追求搬出父母家，建立自己的家庭。
37.2 Until recently the general attitude toward daydreaming remained
hostile. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an
unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now sane people are
taking a fresh look at daydreaming. They think it may contribute to
intellectual growth and lead to the attainment of actual goals.
不久前人们对白日做梦一般还是持批评的态度，认为它浪费时间，是逃避现实生活
及其责任的一种不健康的倾向。但现在有人对此持一种新的看法。他们认为白日做梦有
助于智力的发展，能引导人们实现要达到的目标。
37.3 Until recently, discoveries in science and technology had been
thought of as the result of dramatic accidents. But the view is changing
now. Contrary to the notion of "instant" scientific discoveries,
distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of
continuous and concentrated effort over long years.
以前，科学技术的发现一直是被看成带有戏剧性的偶然结果。现在这种观点正在改
变。与这种“瞬息”的科学发明的看法相反，伟大的科学成就不仅仅是机会，而且是长
年累月换而不舍、孜孜不倦的结果。
38 People used to think
It was once thought that.... In the past
old days .... But things are quite different.
few people now share this view.
38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days.
Children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things
are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the
birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member.
When people get seriously sick, they are often transferred to a hospital,
where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit terminally ill
patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, an
experience very important to one's life.
人们过去生在家里，死在家里。过去，生与死作为生活一部分孩子们是经常看到的
和听到的。但现在情况大不相同了。我们年轻人从来看不到婴儿的降临，也体验不到一
个家人的死去。当人患了重病，他们常被送往医院，而孩子们通常在医院是不受欢迎
的，是
不允许探视临终的病人的。这就剥夺了孩子对死亡的体会，而这个体会对人生来说是十
分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas
immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we
know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the
problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a
greenhouse effect, and raising the world's average temperature.
过去人们认为大气污染只影响工厂密集、交通繁忙的大城市周围地区。现在我们懂
得虽然这些地区空气污染最严重，但这一问题实际上却是全球性的。燃烧煤和油使大气
里的二氧化碳成份增加，这就带来了温室效应，使世界平均气温上升。
39 Several years
decades ago, people ... Now, ...
Today, ... Why do people ...?
has such change taken place?
39.1 Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they
heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. "Why? Maybe he is
short of money," they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence
that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many
students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search
for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a
summer job?
几年前，人们听到某某大学生在打工，常会觉得有点惊奇。他们想：“怎么啦？他
可能缺钱用吧？”但如今大学生兼做家庭教师或
推销员、导游是常有的事了。许多学生在招贴栏或路灯杆上贴广告，想寻找一份短工。
为什么许多学生对课余打工或暑假打工这么感兴趣呢？
39.2 Several decades ago, early childhood was spent playing games on the
streets. To acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But
now there is an increasing awareness of the importance of learning in the
early years. Failure to teach children when they are young is seen as
evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at increasingly earlier
ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with
formal instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school
students. Why has such a big change taken place?
二三十年前，孩子们是在街上玩游戏度过童年的。人们并不鼓励从小多学知识。但
现在人们越来越认识到从小学习的重要性。如
果不从小教孩子识字等，父母会被认为对孩子不负责。所以现在教育越来越早。无论在
家里还是幼儿园，现在小孩子都接受正规的教
育，如识字，算数，而这些以前要到小学才学。为什么会发生这么大变化呢？
39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a
great change. Twenty or thirty years ago, very few people believed that the
market-oriented economy could work in our society. Now, however, it is
widely held that it is the only key to the development of our economy. It is
in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is nearly unsophisticated
as the first. Yesterday's skepticism was based on ignorance of the law of
economic growth; today's assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature
of economy itself.
人们对市场经济的态度经历了很大的变化。二三十年前，很少有人认为市场经济在
我们国家行得通。而今天许多人则认为市场经济是我们经济发展的唯一手段。而我认
为，第二种态度同第一种差不多简单。昨天对市场经济的怀疑态度是由于人们对经济发
展规律的一无所知；而今天的绝对肯定则反映了人们对经济本质的误解。
40 After a good many years of efforts to
enthusiasm for ..., people begin to ....
40.1 After years of second-class status, smaller rewards, and lesser
coverage by sports writers, women athletes are making great strides ------
not just in gymnastics and swimming, but in weightlifting and football.
Women can and do compete well in nearly every sport and draw as large crowds
of plying customers as men.
多少年来女运动员地位低下，报酬低，体育记者对她们报道也少。现在她们正在取
得很大的进步，不仅在体操、游泳，而且在举重和足球方面也取得了长足的进步。妇女
在几乎所有的体育项目上都能，而且也确实干得很好，她们和男运动员一样能吸引许多
观众。
40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing
its appeal for many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number,
newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have one at all. The
latest reports show that in 1994 married couples with wives under 35 had
less than one child on average, while with wives over 55 had more than three
children.
经过多年的多生孩子热后，大城市里的许多年轻夫妇对生孩子正逐渐失去兴趣。越
来越多的新婚夫妇推迟生育孩子或决定不要孩子。根据最新的报道，1994年35岁以下的
已婚女性平均生育子女还不到一个，而55岁以上的妇女则超过3个。
40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action, I have
firmly concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and
men of average performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep
human urges work together, I believe, to motivate all human discovery and
achievement.
经过多年来对现实生活中的人性的观察，我得出一个肯定结论：人能成为一个杰出
之材还是一个平庸之辈取决于两个特性：好奇和不满足。我认为人性中的这两个欲望，
一起起作用驱使人去发现，去取得成就。
41 It is a traditional way
custom
practice to.... But now the pendulum has swung to another direction.
in the opposite direction.
the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their
children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express
their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent
decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a
study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own
houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954.
Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their
children?
中国的老人和他们的子女和子孙住在一起是一个传统的习惯。年轻人以此来表示对
老人的尊敬，表达对父辈养育之恩的报答。但最近一二十年，钟摆转到相反的方向去
了。根据1994年一项调查， 52％的老人独住自己家，或住进大城市的养老院，而在
1954年则基本没有这种情况。为什么越来越多的老人和他们的于女分开住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers,
financial success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living.
But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the
1994 census, many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More
people are defining success in terms of intangibles ------ creativity,
autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many
are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it
provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities
of wife and husband.
传统上来说，青年人关心的是职业、成功、积累财富以及舒适的生活。但现在钟摆
似乎转到另一方向去了。根据1994年的调查，许多反文化的观念已进入了主流文化。许
多人衡量成功的标志不再是物质方面，而是创造、自主、快乐、参与、冒险、刺激和爱
情。许多人对社会提供的工作和支付的报酬发生了疑问，并且不满足于丈夫和妻子的传
统社会属性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of
general / growing / healthy tendency to
upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward ...
42 According to a poll
study
survey , there is X percent of..., compared with Y percent last year.
Why...?
42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure
to applied field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of
scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more
jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure
research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration
on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies?
最近几年，科学家正从纯理论的研究转到应用领域上来。根据一项调查显示：光北
京地区就有72％的科研工作者转向了工业部门，那里不仅工作机会多，通常工资待遇也
远比理论研究部门要高得多。这种倾向是否和全国只注重经济的直接产出，不太关心长
期的理论研究有关呢？
42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone ------ a
dramatic step on the path away from the close-knit, extended families so
common just a few decades ago. According to a census report, households
consisting of just one person have increased to 14 percent in the past year,
compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living alone?
近些年来独身现象悄然出现。这对几十年前相当普遍的关系紧密的大家庭来说，是
一个非常大的变化。根据一份调查报告，去年单身者家庭上升14%，而在20年前只有4%
单身者家庭。为什么那些人要选择独身生活呢？
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